Table 1 Bioactive compounds of fruits and vegetables waste
Categories (Phytochemicals) | Metabolites/compounds | Sources | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Phenolics | Ferulic acids, tryptophane, p-coumaric acids, cyclodopa-glucoside derivatives | Red beet peels | Kujala et al. (2000) |
Flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins, catechins, stilbenes | Grapes pomace | Schieber et al. (2001) | |
Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid | Apple peels | Leontowicz et al. (2007) | |
Epicatechin, catechin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, gallic acid Chlorogenic acid | Blueberry peels | Deng et al. (2012) | |
Catechin, galangin, homogentisic acid | Guava peels | ||
Gallic acid, kaempferol, cyanidin 3-glucoside | Guava seeds | ||
Cyanidin 3-glucoside, catechin, chlorogenic acid, homogentisic acid | Avocado stones | ||
Epicatechin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, homogentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, -p-hydroxybenzoic acid | Grapes seeds | ||
Hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid-O-glucoside, caffeoylputrescine, di-ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, coumaric acid-o-glucoside | Garlic peels | Kallel et al. (2014) | |
Gallic, sinapic, caffeic, myricetin, ferulic, ellagic acid | Purple star apple peels | Moo-Huchin et al. (2015) | |
Ellagic acid, gallic acid, punicalin, punicalagin Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid | Pomegranate peels Different citrus varieties peels | Živković et al. (2018) Wang et al. (2008) | |
Delphinidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, malvidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside, petunidin-3-rutinoside | Eggplant peels | Ferarsa et al. (2018) | |
Flavonoids | Naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, diosmin, luteolin, sinensetin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin | Different citrus varieties peels | Wang et al. (2008) |
Carotenoids | α-carotene, β-carotene | Carrot pomace | Schieber et al. (2001) |
Lycopene β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin Neochrome, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β-citraurin, luteoxanthin, cryptochrome, ξ-carotene | Tomato seeds Different citrus varieties peels Different citrus varieties peels | Rozzi et al. (2002) Wang et al. (2008) Agócs et al. (2007) |